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新学期，帝高医学口语沙龙在进行医学综合征的英语讨论外，将进行临床医学英语课件的制作！
本次临床课程制作采用基础课程的制作方式，进行以下课程的制作
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各位帝高组员：
我们的交流博客已经快要两年了。首先，允许我做一个简短的回顾。

各位帝高组员：

本学期进行的医学基础课程11门课的医学英语教材光盘已经完成，核心组员已发放，其他需要的朋友联系我。

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Head

Wu huiqun

The human anatomy department

 

Layers

n     consists of five layers:

q     Skin

q     Superficial fascia

q     Galea aponeurotica and occipitofrontalis

q     Subaponeurotic space (loose connective tissue) 腱膜下隙

q     Pericranium  

q     The superficial 3 layer are closely knit together, called scalp

 

n     The skin has the greatest concentration of hair and sebaceous皮脂腺glands

n     The superficial fascia is dense connective tissue that binds the skin strongly to the underlying galea aponeurotica

q    Wounds of the scalp bleed profusely but heal well.

   

 

Arteries, veins and nerves

n     Anterior group

q     Supratrochlear a. v. n.滑车上的

q     Supraorbital a.  v.  n.

n     Posterior group

q     Occipital a.  v.

q     Greater occipital n.

 

n     Galea aponeurotica

q     It is interposed between the frontalis and occipitalis portions of the occipitofrontalis muscle.

q     These muscles place the aponeurosis under tension so that deep transverse lacerations of the scalp gape widely .

 

n     Subaponeurotic space (loose connective tissue)

q     Extracranial hematoma, the result of bleeding in the subaponeurotic space, can extend over the cranium. lt can extend posteriorly, to the superior nuchal line; anteriorly, into the eyelids to produce the “black eye”; and laterally, to the temporal line.

q     The loose connective tissue layer provides the plane of separation in any injury that tears the scalp from the calvaria颅盖or for the surgeon elevating the scalp from the periosteum.

 

q     Contains  a rich network of deep arteries and veins. Therefore, this layer has been called the “dangerous area”.

q     Infaction may spread to the substance of the bones, to venous channels within the cranial cavity, or to the brain.

 

n     Pericranium

    Fuses firmly with bone at the sutures and with the periosteum of the adjacent bone, thus limiting the subperiosteal space.

Arteries of head

Facial a.

n          Branch of external carotoid a.

n          Runs forward over digastric and submandibular gland

n          Loops around mandible (where it is palpable), at anterior border of masseter, to enter the face

n          Follows a tortuous扭曲的course to medial angle of eye

n          Lies deep to most facial muscles

n          Branches

q        Inferior labial a. 下唇动脉

q        Superior labial a.

q        Angular a.

 

 

Superficial temporal a. Terminal branch of external carotid a.

n         Ascends in front of ear (where it is palpable) to supply temporal and anterior portion of scalp

n         Transverse facial a.

n         －runs above parotid duct to supply the cheek region

 

Maxillary artery

n         Branch of external carotid a.

n         Entrance to infratemporal fossa medial to neck of mandible

 

n     Branches

q     Inferior alveolar a. Middle meningeal a. enters the skull through foreman spinosum蝶骨棘

n      Supplies cranium and dura mater

q     Posterior superior alveolar a.

 

Veins of head

Facial vein

n      Begins at medial angle of eye (angular vein)

n      Runs downward and backward through the face, posterior to the facial artery

n      Below angle of mandible, joins anterior branch of retromandibular vein to form common facial vein, which drains into internal jugular vein

 

n     Connections with cavernous sinus through the ophthalmic vein, and also through pteygoid plexus 翼静脉丛 via the deep facial vein

 

 

n     “Danger area”

n     －lies between root of nose and two angles of mouth; in this area the facial vein has no valves

 

 

 

Retromandibular vein Formed by union of superficial temporal and maxillary veins

n     Divides into an anterior branch that unites with facial vein and a posterior branch that joins posterior auricular vein to become external jugular vein

 

Pteygoid  plexus

   Receives blood from all regions supplied by maxillary a.

n     Communicates with

q     Face by deep facial veins

q     Cavernous sinus by veins draining base of skull

n     Provides possible pathway for spread of infection to cranial cavity

 

The lymphatic drainage of head

 Lymph nodes of head

n      Located at junction of head and neck

n      Consist of occipital, mastoid, parotid, submandibular, submental lymph nodes

n      Drain into deep cervical lymph nodes

n      Submandibular lymph node lies near the submandibular gland, receive lymphatic vessels from the face, nose and mouth

Nerves of head

Facial nerve (Ⅶ)

Leaves skull through internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen

n          Divided three parts

q        First part－between stylomastoid foramen and parotid gland

q        Second part－within parotid gland

q        Third part－outside of parotid gland

 

 

 

 

 

n     Enters parotid gland and divides into its five terminal branches for muscles of facial expression

q     Temporal              

q     Zygomatic

q     Buccal

q     Marginal mandibular

q      Cervical

 

 

Trigeminal nerve (Ⅴ)

n     Ophthalmic nerve

(Ⅴ1) → supraorbital n.

n     Maxillary nerve

(Ⅴ2) → infraorbital n.

n     Mandibular nerve

n     (Ⅴ3) →mental n. 颏神经

Parotid gland

n     Position: situated below the external auditory meatus and lies in a deep hollow behind the ramus of mandibular and in front of the sternocleidomastoid

n     Superficial part: triangular in shape, lies below and in front of the external acoustic meatus, and partially covers the masseter.

n      Deep part: lies deep to medial pterygoid .

 

Parotid duct  

n    Arises front anterior border of gland

n    Lies 1.5 cm below and parallel to zygomatic arch

n    Passes forward over masseter, pierces the buccinator and oral mucosa to open opposite second upper molar tooth

 

 

Capsule of the parotid gland

n      The parotid gland is enclosed within a well-defined capsule which extension of the investing fascia of the neck.

n      The superficial capsule is thick and tightly affixed to the underlying glandular tissue by numerous fibrous septa.

n      The deep capsule is quite thin and easily disrupted.

Structures passing through the parotid gland

n     Vertical

q     External carotid a.

q     Retromandibular vein

q     Superficial temporal a. & v.

q     Auriculotemporal n.

n     Transversal

q     Maxillary a. & v.

q     Tranverse facial a. & v.

q     Branches of facial n.

Relationships of parotid gland

n      Superior－external acostic meatus, poterior margin of temporomandibular joint

n      Anteromedialy－masseter, ramus of mandible, posterior part of medial pterygoid

n      Poateromedial－mastoid process, sternocleidomastoid, posterior belly of digastric, styloid process, internal carotid a., internal jugular v., Ⅸ～Ⅻ cranial nerves

n      “Parotid bed”－internal carotid a., internal jugular v., Ⅸ～Ⅻ cranial nerves

 

Masseter space

n     Lies between the masseter, and ramus of mandible

Pterygomandibual space 翼下颌间隙

n     Lies between ramus of mandible and medial pterygoid

 

 

 

Sublingual space 舌下间隙

n     Between mucous membrane of floor of mouth and mylohyoid下颌舌骨的and hyoglossus舌骨舌肌

 

Temporal region

Boundaries

n     Superior－superior temporal line

n     Inferior－superior border of zygomatic arch

n     Anterior－the junction of frontal and zygomatic bones

n     Posterior－posterior portion of superior temporal line

 

Layers

n     consists of five layers:

q     Skin

q     Superficial fascia

q     Temporal fascia

q     Temporalis

q